<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><placename>  <system>China Historical GIS, Harvard University and Fudan University</system>  <license>CC BY-NC 4.0</license>  <uri>http://tgaz.fudan.edu.cn/tgaz/placename/hvd_121500</uri> <spellings>    <spelling>      <written-form script="traditional Chinese">灤州</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <written-form script="simplified Chinese">滦州</written-form>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>    <spelling>      <transcription system="Pinyin">Luan Zhou</transcription>      <exonym-lang></exonym-lang>      <attested-by></attested-by>      <note></note>    </spelling>  </spellings>  <feature-type>    <name>州</name>    <alternate-name>州</alternate-name>    <transcription>zhou</transcription>    <translation lang="en">department</translation>  </feature-type>  <temporal>    <begin>1911</begin>    <begin-rule>9</begin-rule>    <end>1911</end>    <end-rule>9</end-rule>  </temporal>  <spatial>    <object-type>POINT</object-type>    <xy-type>point</xy-type>    <latitude-direction>N</latitude-direction>    <degrees-latitude>39.73965</degrees-latitude>    <longitude-direction>E</longitude-direction>    <degrees-longitude>118.75231</degrees-longitude>    <geo-source>FROM_AC</geo-source>    <present-location> 河北滦县治    </present-location>  </spatial>  <historical-context>    <part-of-relationships>      <part-of parent-id="hvd_120158" from="1911" to="1911" >        <parent-name>永平府</parent-name>        <transcribed-name>Yongping Fu</transcribed-name>      </part-of>    </part-of-relationships>    <subordinate-units>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135861" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>下五岭</name>        <transcribed-name>Xiawuling</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135851" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>倴城镇ben</name>        <transcribed-name>Benchengzhenben</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135835" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>双桥庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Shuangqiaozhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135831" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>古冶</name>        <transcribed-name>Guye</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135913" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>司家庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Sijiazhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135854" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>喑牛淀镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Yinniudianzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135850" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>坨里镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Tuolizhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135837" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>安各庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Angezhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135856" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>常坨庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Changtuozhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135832" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>开平镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Kaipingzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135914" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>张各庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Zhanggezhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135862" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>张家庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Zhangjiazhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135844" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>扒齿港镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Bachigangzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135834" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>月河庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Yuehezhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135912" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>杜家平坨</name>        <transcribed-name>Dujiapingtuo</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135855" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>柏各庄镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Baigezhuangzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135848" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>柳赞</name>        <transcribed-name>Liuzan</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135836" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>榛子镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Zhenzizhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135845" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>汤家官寨</name>        <transcribed-name>Tangjiaguanzhai</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135860" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>白草洼</name>        <transcribed-name>Baicaowa</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135839" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>石佛口</name>        <transcribed-name>Shifokou</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135840" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>石佛庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Shifozhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135858" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>稻地镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Daodizhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135842" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>老李庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Laolizhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135849" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>胡各庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Hugezhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135847" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>茨榆坨镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Ciyutuozhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135863" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>赵百户庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Zhaobaihuzhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135915" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>边家庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Bianjiazhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135857" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>边庄子</name>        <transcribed-name>Bianzhuangzi</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135853" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>连北店镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Lianbeidianzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135833" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>钱家营镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Qianjiayingzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135838" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>长宁镇铺</name>        <transcribed-name>Changningzhenpu</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135843" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>门家庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Menjiazhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135846" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>霍各庄</name>        <transcribed-name>Huogezhuang</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135841" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>马城镇铺</name>        <transcribed-name>Machengzhenpu</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135852" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>高各庄镇</name>        <transcribed-name>Gaogezhuangzhen</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>      <subordinate-unit sys-id="hvd_135859" from="1911" to="1911" >        <name>龙王庙</name>        <transcribed-name>Longwangmiao</transcribed-name>      </subordinate-unit>    </subordinate-units>  </historical-context>  <data-source>CHGIS</data-source>  <source-note>    <![CDATA[      <html><body>直隶省数据（1911年）<br><br>直隶省的聚落数据依据《畿辅舆地全图》（光绪十年（1884年）刻本）和《畿辅舆图》（光绪年间）⑴。由于早期地图存在投影和定位精度问题，不能依据地图图像直接数字化。CHGIS项目使用转移定位法，对聚落位置作重新定位，重新定位的基础数字地图是采用中华人民共和国国家测绘局制作的“1:100万中国数字地图（国际版，1990年时点）（简称ArcChina）”。重新定位的主要依据是地名的延续性，《畿辅舆地全图》中标示的许多聚落在ArcChina的聚落数据（RESPT层）中，都有相同的名称，即同一个地点。此外，参照聚落与河流的位置关系，以及临近聚落之间的相对方位关系，最后确定直隶省1911年聚落的定位。1911年县界走向的主要依据有两个，1）聚落，聚落归属关系在《畿辅舆地全图》中已有明确标示，定位后的1911年聚落位置可以与ArcChina的县界数据（CNTY层）作比较，2）参考界县与河流及山脉等自然要素的相对关系，确定1911年县界在ArcChina底图上的位置，如果相同，则使用CNTY层数据，如果不相同，依据以上关系重新绘制。府级界线据县级界线合并而成，省级界线处理方法相同。《畿辅舆地全图》代表1884年前的政区设置，参考《清代政区沿革综表》（牛平汉主编，中国地图出版社出版，1990年）直隶政区变化情况，同时参考《中国新舆图》（商务印书馆，民国二年（1913年））的政区设置和府界走向，对政区设置情况作了校对。<br><br>⑴《畿辅舆图》（成文出版社影印本题为《畿辅舆地全图》）。该图分幅与《畿辅舆地全图》相同，但图面质量比《畿辅舆地全图》差，而图后的图说比《畿辅舆地全图》详细。《畿辅舆地全图》是《畿辅通志》的舆图部分，成于光绪十年。《畿辅舆图》估计应是光绪年间编修会典时，依照会典馆体例，在《畿辅舆地全图》基础上重新编绘的地图，只是文字作了修补。</body></html>    ]]>  </source-note>  <source-uri>      </source-uri></placename>